We conclude by proposing a novel research agenda and policy interventions based on these four principles.Ĭonspiracy Theories: An Emerging Research DomainĮarly studies on conspiracy theories relied mostly on correlational evidence in cross‐sectional designs (e.g., Abalakina‐Paap, Stephan, Craig, & Gregory, 1999 Goertzel, 1994), or studied conspiracy thinking as a function of demographic variables such as political party affiliation (Wright & Arbuthnot, 1974) or ethnicity (Crocker, Luhtanen, Broadnax, & Blaine, 1999). Each of the contributions to this Special Issue considers at least one of these principles. To introduce this Special Issue, in the present paper we (i) illuminate how the study of conspiracy theories has developed from an unusual object of study to an increasingly expanding research domain over the past few years, and (ii) distill four basic principles that have emerged from past research, in particular that conspiracy beliefs are consequential, universal, emotional, and social. In putting this issue together, we specifically aimed to capitalize on the momentum that the scientific study of conspiracy theories is currently having, and to give a second generation of conspiracy theory researchers within our field the opportunity to disseminate their novel findings to a professional audience. The current Special Issue was designed to showcase the study of belief in conspiracy theories as an emerging research domain within social psychology. The social sciences have increasingly recognized the importance of understanding conspiracy beliefs, and empirical research on this phenomenon has proliferated in the past decade (for overviews, see Douglas, Sutton, & Cichocka, 2017 Van Prooijen, 2018 Van Prooijen & Van Vugt, in press). These theories included allegations that climate change is a hoax perpetrated by the Chinese, that Barack Obama was not born in the US, and that vaccines cause autism. The potential impact and breadth of conspiracy theories was underscored in 2016, when Donald Trump was elected US President despite propagating a range of highly implausible conspiracy theories throughout his campaign. What drives belief in such conspiracy theories? While in earlier decades belief in conspiracy theories often was dismissed as pathological (Hofstadter, 1966), accumulating evidence reveals that conspiracy theories are common among surprisingly large numbers of citizens (Oliver & Wood, 2014 Sunstein & Vermeule, 2009). Conspiracy theories are commonly defined as explanatory beliefs about a group of actors that collude in secret to reach malevolent goals (Bale, 2007). In fact, conspiracy theories sometimes turn out to be true (e.g., Watergate incidents of corporate corruption), although the vast majority of conspiracy theories that citizens have believed throughout history have been false (Pipes, 1997). These theories range from highly implausible in light of logic or scientific knowledge (e.g., chemtrail conspiracy theories flat‐earth conspiracy theories) to theoretically possible or even plausible (e.g., allegations that secret service agencies routinely violate privacy laws). Social media and the Internet are filled with conspiracy theories.
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